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文法: Expressing a Lack of Change
To express a lack of change, you can use
1. MAMA
Grammar Pattern:
for Verb:
V-plain past affirmative form (V-ta form + MAMA) + MAMA
V-plain present negative form (V-nai form) + MAMA
Example: つけたまま, あけたまま, 消さないまま, 閉めないまま
for i-Adjectives
i + MAMA
Example: 若いまま 赤いまま
for na-Adjectives
na + MAMA
Example: 便利なまま 元気なまま
for Nouns
no + MAMA
日本では靴をはいたまま部屋に入ってはいけません。
In Japan, you must not keep your shoes on inside the house.
電灯をつけたまま寝てしまった。
I went to bed with the lights still on.
窓を開けたまま寝るな。
Don't sleep with the windows open.
彼は一生独身のままだった。
He remained single all his life.
天気はずっと悪いままだった。
The weather stayed bad.
NOTE;
It is often used with sono or kono:
このままでいいです。 kono mama de ii. It is ok just like this.
1. MAMA
Grammar Pattern:
for Verb:
V-plain past affirmative form (V-ta form + MAMA) + MAMA
V-plain present negative form (V-nai form) + MAMA
Example: つけたまま, あけたまま, 消さないまま, 閉めないまま
for i-Adjectives
i + MAMA
Example: 若いまま 赤いまま
for na-Adjectives
na + MAMA
Example: 便利なまま 元気なまま
for Nouns
no + MAMA
日本では靴をはいたまま部屋に入ってはいけません。
In Japan, you must not keep your shoes on inside the house.
電灯をつけたまま寝てしまった。
I went to bed with the lights still on.
窓を開けたまま寝るな。
Don't sleep with the windows open.
彼は一生独身のままだった。
He remained single all his life.
天気はずっと悪いままだった。
The weather stayed bad.
NOTE;
It is often used with sono or kono:
このままでいいです。 kono mama de ii. It is ok just like this.
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文法: Expressing State of Action using TOKORO DA and BAKARI DA
To express a state of action stressing a certain point in time, you can use
1. TOKORO DA
2. BAKARI DA
1. TOKORO DA connects to the dictionary form, V-te iru form, V-ta form to express state of an action.
1.1. V-dictionary form + TOKORO DA
-shows that a certain action is about to start.
-may be used together with KORE KARA, [CHOUDO]IMA KARA,etc which makes the meaning clearer
朝ごはんはもう食べましたか。
。。。いいえ、これから食べるところです。
Have you had lunch yet?
...No, I'm going to have it now
1.2 V-te iru form + TOKORO DA
-shows that a certain action is now being done
-may be used together with IMA
故障の原因がわかりましたか。
。。。いいえ、いま調べているところです。
Do you know what caused the breakedown
...No, we are investigating it now
1.3 V-ta form + TOKORO DA
-shows that a certain action has just been completed at this very moment.
-may be used together with TATTAIMA.
たった今電車は出たところです。
The train has just left.
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2. V-ta form + BAKARI DA
-shows that a certain action has just been completed and not much time has passed since then.
-may be used together with SAKKI
-often used with the form -BAKARI DE, -BAKARI NA NODE, -BAKARI DA KARA, -BAKARI NA NONI, which
express a reason or opposition.
三ヶ月前に日本に来たばかりで、まだ何もわかりません。
I just came to Japan three months ago, so I don't know anything at all.
ケーキ、どうぞ。
。。。さっき昼ごはんをたべたばかりなので、あといただきます。
Have a cake
...I just had lunch only a while ago, so I'll have it later.
このコンピューター1年前に買ったばかりなのに、もう故障した。
I just bought this window a year ago but it's has already broken down.
1. TOKORO DA
2. BAKARI DA
1. TOKORO DA connects to the dictionary form, V-te iru form, V-ta form to express state of an action.
1.1. V-dictionary form + TOKORO DA
-shows that a certain action is about to start.
-may be used together with KORE KARA, [CHOUDO]IMA KARA,etc which makes the meaning clearer
朝ごはんはもう食べましたか。
。。。いいえ、これから食べるところです。
Have you had lunch yet?
...No, I'm going to have it now
1.2 V-te iru form + TOKORO DA
-shows that a certain action is now being done
-may be used together with IMA
故障の原因がわかりましたか。
。。。いいえ、いま調べているところです。
Do you know what caused the breakedown
...No, we are investigating it now
1.3 V-ta form + TOKORO DA
-shows that a certain action has just been completed at this very moment.
-may be used together with TATTAIMA.
たった今電車は出たところです。
The train has just left.
----------------------------------------
2. V-ta form + BAKARI DA
-shows that a certain action has just been completed and not much time has passed since then.
-may be used together with SAKKI
-often used with the form -BAKARI DE, -BAKARI NA NODE, -BAKARI DA KARA, -BAKARI NA NONI, which
express a reason or opposition.
三ヶ月前に日本に来たばかりで、まだ何もわかりません。
I just came to Japan three months ago, so I don't know anything at all.
ケーキ、どうぞ。
。。。さっき昼ごはんをたべたばかりなので、あといただきます。
Have a cake
...I just had lunch only a while ago, so I'll have it later.
このコンピューター1年前に買ったばかりなのに、もう故障した。
I just bought this window a year ago but it's has already broken down.
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文法: Expressing Similarity
To express similarity or likeness
1. NO YOU NA
2. NO YOU NI
(1) A + NO YOU NA + B(noun)
B like/similar to A
お城のような家
a house like a castle
おもちゃのような車
a car like a toy
(2) A + NO YOU NI + B(verb)
do B like A
魚のように泳ぐ
swim like a fish
赤ん坊のように泣く
cry like a baby
(2) A + NO YOU NI + B(adjective)
as B as A
氷のように冷たい。
as cold as ice
バラのように美しい。
as lovely as a rose
雪のように白い。
as white as snow
1. NO YOU NA
2. NO YOU NI
(1) A + NO YOU NA + B(noun)
B like/similar to A
お城のような家
a house like a castle
おもちゃのような車
a car like a toy
(2) A + NO YOU NI + B(verb)
do B like A
魚のように泳ぐ
swim like a fish
赤ん坊のように泣く
cry like a baby
(2) A + NO YOU NI + B(adjective)
as B as A
氷のように冷たい。
as cold as ice
バラのように美しい。
as lovely as a rose
雪のように白い。
as white as snow
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